PSYCHOANALYTIC & RESEARCH
Background
The following articles and books document the effectiveness of psychoanalytic treatment as a short-term and long-term treatment method for a variety of emotional and physical disorders. These studies show that the use of psychoanalytic treatment can have a significant impact on high rates of medical usage, addiction, panic disorders, depression, complicated grief, and repeated psychiatric hospitalization. These studies also show that new developments in attachment theory and brain functioning have improved treatment outcomes in psychoanalytic therapy. The importance of talk therapy in general, and integration with psychotropic medication, are also addressed.
New psychoanalytic diagnostic methods
Gabbard, G. (2005). Basic Principles of Dynamic Psychiatry, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in Clinical Practice, 4th Edition. Washington, DC: APPI Press, pp. 3-30. Addresses contemporary concepts in psychodynamic treatment including integration of new brain research in approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
PDM Task Force (2006). Introduction, Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual. Silver Spring, MD: Alliance of Psychoanalytic Organizations. Using psychoanalytic concepts, the PDM expands the range of classification of mental functioning in ways that provide better patient understanding and that are compatible with ICD and DSM diagnostic categories based on analytic concepts.
Measuring outcomes in psychoanalytic treatment
Blatt, S. J., Auerbach, J. S. (2003). "Psychodynamic Measures of Therapeutic Change," Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 23: 268-307. Compares change in short-term and long-term psychoanalytic therapies.
Blatt, S. J., Zuroff, D. C. (2005). "Empirical Evaluation of the Assumptions in Identifying Evidence Based Treatments in Mental Health," Clinical Psychology Review, 25: 459-486. Shows importance of assessing symptom reduction, reduction of vulnerability, and development of adaptive capacities in approaching treatment and identifies factors that are predictive of therapeutic gain.
Carey, B. (8/10/04). "For Psychotherapy's Claims, Skeptics Demand Proof." New York Times. Article stressing the importance of having trained therapists over theoretical methods used.
Crits-Christoph, P. (1992). "The Efficacy of Brief Dynamic Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis," American Journal of Psychiatry, 159: 325-333. A review of 11 well-controlled studies of the efficacy of brief dynamic therapy.
Phillips, A. (2/26/06). "A Mind Is a Terrible Thing to Measure," New York Times. Description of problems in "measuring" outcomes in psychotherapy, especially analytic therapy, compared to medial outcomes.
Piper, W. E., Duncan, S. S. (1999). "Object Relations Theory and Short-term Dynamic Psychotherapy: Findings From the Quality of Object Relations Scale," Clinical Psychology Review, 19: 669-685. Shows value of short-term psychotherapy for complicated grief reactions by use of specific research tools.
Wallerstein, R. (1986). Forty-Two Lives in Treatment: A Study of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, New York: The Guilford Press. Gives a comprehensive summary of the Psychotherapy Research Project of the Menninger Foundation started in the early 1950s in Topeka, Kansas, and the success there of analytic therapy and analysis.
Depression and analytic treatment
Krupnick, J. L., et al. (1996). "The Role of the Therapeutic Alliance in Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy Outcome: Findings in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64: 532-539. Shows the importance of the therapeutic alliance, particularly the patient's contribution, to successful outcome in analytic and other therapies.
Psychoanalytic treatment for panic disorder
Busch, F., Milrod, B., Singer, M. (1999). "Theory and Technique in the Psychodynamic Treatment of Panic Disorder," Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 8: 234-242, July 1999. Shows the successful application on analytic concepts to treatment of panic disorders.
Milrod, B., et al. (2007). "A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy for Panic Disorder," American Journal of Psychiatry, 164: 265-272. Demonstrates success of analytic therapy of panic disorder in randomized controlled clinical study.
Brain theory and psychoanalytic treatment
Berridge, K. C., Winkeilman, P. (2003). "What is an Unconscious Emotion? The Case for Unconscious 'Liking:" Cognition and Emotion, 17: 181-211. Shows clinical importance to successful treatment of the patient's becoming aware of emotional reactions that are initially unconscious.
Brakel, L. A. W. (2004). "The Psychoanalytic Assumption of the Primary Process: Extra-psychoanalytic Evidence and Findings:' Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 52: 1131-1161. Shows how primary process in the unconscious affects conscious behavior through study of preschool children, anxiety states in adults, and task performance in adults.
Kandel, E. R., (1999). “Biology and the Future of Psychoanalysis: A New Intellectual Framework for Psychiatry Revisited,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 156: 505-524. Integrates brain theory and analytic theory into new models for successful psychoanalytic work.
Luborsky, L., Crits-Cristoph, P. (1998). Understanding Transference: The Core Conflictual Relationship Method. New York: Basic Books. Describes identification of patterns from the past and their use in resolving ongoing conflicts in adults through the analytic relationship.
Medication and psychoanalytic treatment
Consumer Reports (2004). "Drugs vs. Talk Therapy Survey of over 3000 consumers who used medication and/or talk therapy to treat mental health problems. Talk therapy over 13 sessions or the use of both was most effective with moderate to serious problems.
Psychoanalytic treatment for panic disorder
Busch, F., Milrod, B., Singer, M. (1999). "Theory and Technique in the Psychodynamic Treatment of Panic Disorder," Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 8: 234-242, July 1999. Shows the successful application on analytic concepts to treatment of panic disorders.
Milrod, B., et al. (2007). "A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy for Panic Disorder," American Journal of Psy�chiatry, 164: 265-272. Demonstrates success of analytic therapy of panic disorder in randomized controlled clinical study.
Medical usage and psychoanalytic treatment
Bachar, L, et al. (1999). "Empirical Comparison of Two Psychological Therapies: Self Psychology and Cognitive Orientation in the Treatment of Anorexia and Bulimia," Journal of Psychotherapy
Practice and Research, 8(2): 115-128. Shows usefulness of analytic self-psychology treatment over cognitive behavioral treatment or nutritional education in treatment of anorexia and bulimia.
Bateman, A., and Fonagy, P. (2006). Mentalization Based Treatment for Borderline Personality Disor-der: A Practical Guide. London: Karnac Books. An analytic model for treating difficult borderline personality disorder conditions by application of analytic theory through "mentalization," i.e., the ability to self reflect.
Blomberg, J., Lazar, A., Sandell, R. (2001). "Outcome of Patients in Long-term Psychoanalytical Treatments: First Findings of the Stockholm Outcome of Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis (STOPP) Study," Psychotherapy Research. Shows the difference in success rates between analytic therapy and analysis in a Stockholm study of 405 clients, with analysis showing much stronger results
Clarkin, J. F., et al. (2001). "The Development of a Psychodynamic Treatments for Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder: A Preliminary Study of Behavioral Change," Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(6): 487-495. Successful randomized controlled research study of the application of analytic therapy to 23 patients with borderline personality disorder.
Guthrie, E., et al. (1999). "Cost-effectiveness of Brief Psychodynamic-Interpersonal Therapy in High Utilizers of Psychiatric Services," Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(6): 519-526. Application of psychodynamic interpersonal therapy in randomized control study of non-psychotic patients with high rates of hospitalization and medical usage resulted in significant improvement.
Schneider, G., Lange, c., Heuft, G. (2002). "Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics and Differential Therapy Indication in Routine Diagnostics at a Psychosomatic Outpatient Department," Psychotherapy Research, 12: 159-178. Analytic research tool which provides objective diagnostic assessment. 1995
Attachment and psychoanalytic treatment
Fonagy, P. (2001). Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis. New York: Other Press. Integrates successful treatment of attachment disorders with analytic methods.
Kendall, J. (6/29/03). "Fierce attachments: The controversial science of mother-infant bonding gets a new look," Boston Globe. Integrates attachment theory and brain development, based on work of Allan Schore, into analytic treatment.
2007 Research synopses compiled by the Washington Psychoanalytic Legislative Workgroup. Used by permission.